Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel is a commercial spreadsheet application written and distributed byMicrosoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office. The current versions are 2010 for Windows and 2011 forMac.Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets,^[1] using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering and financial needs. In addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors from different perspectives (using pivot tables and the scenario manager^[2]). And it has a programming aspect, Visual Basic for Applications, allowing the user to employ a wide variety of numerical methods, for example, for solving differential equations of mathematical physics,^[3][4] and then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet. Finally, it has a variety of interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hide the spreadsheet from the user, so the spreadsheet presents itself as a so-calledapplication, or decision support system (DSS), via a custom-designed user interface, for example, a stock analyzer,^[5] or in general, as a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and reports.^[6][7][8] In a more elaborate realization, an Excel application can automatically poll external databases and measuring instruments using an update schedule,^[9] analyze the results, make a Word report orPower Point slide show, and e-mail these presentations on a regular basis to a list of participants.

Microsoft allows for a number of optional command-line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts

 GRAPH:

 

 

A scatter plot or scattergraph is a type of mathematical diagram using Cartesian coordinates to display values for two variables for a set of data.

The data is displayed as a collection of points, each having the value of one variable determining the position on the horizontal axis and the value of the other variable determining the position on the vertical axis.^[2] This kind of plot is also called a scatter chart, scatter diagram and scatter graph.

S.M.I.LE.S :)

                                                                                            

The simplified molecular input line entry specification or SMILES is a specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. SMILES strings can be imported by most molecule editors for conversion back into two-dimensional drawings or three-dimensional models of the molecules.

The original SMILES specification was developed by Arthur Weininger and David Weininger in the late 1980s. It has since been modified and extended by others, most notably by Daylight Chemical Information Systems Inc. In 2007, an open standard called "OpenSMILES" was developed by the Blue Obelisk open-source chemistry community. Other 'linear' notations include the Wiswesser Line Notation (WLN), ROSDAL and SLN (Tripos Inc).

In July 2006, the IUPAC introduced the InChI as a standard for formula representation. SMILES is generally considered to have the advantage of being slightly more human-readable than InChI; it also has a wide base of software support with extensive theoretical (e.g., graph theory) backing.

                                    The term SMILES refers to a line notation for encoding molecular structures and specific instances should strictly be called SMILES  strings. However, the term SMILES is also commonly used to refer to both a single SMILES string and a number of SMILES strings; the exact meaning is usually apparent from the context. The terms Canonical and Isomeric can lead to some confusion when applied to SMILES. The terms describe different attributes of SMILES strings and are not mutually exclusive.

Typically, a number of equally valid SMILEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification can be written for a molecule. For example, CCO, OCC and C(O)C all specify the structure of ethanol. Algorithms have been developed to ensure the same SMILES is generated for a molecule regardless of the order of atoms in the structure. This SMILES is unique for each structure, although dependent on the canonicalisation algorithm used to generate it, and is termed the Canonical SMILES. These algorithms first convert the SMILES to an internal representation of the molecular structure and do not simply manipulate strings as is sometimes thought. Various algorithms for generating Canonical SMILES have been developed, including those by Daylight Chemical Information Systems, OpenEye Scientific Software, MEDIT and Chemical Computing Group. A common application of Canonical SMILES is indexing and ensuring uniqueness of molecules in a database.

SMILES notation allows the specification of configuration at tetrahedral centers, and double bond geometry. These are structural features that cannot be specified by connectivity alone and SMILES which encode this information are termed Isomeric SMILES. A notable feature of these rules is that they allow rigorous partial specification of chirality. The term Isomeric SMILES is also applied to SMILES in which isotopes are specified.

e.n.j.o.y..!!!!!

~smileeeeeeE~

Protein Data Bank (PDB)..

The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a repository for the 3-D structural data of large biological molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. (See also crystallographic database). The data, typically obtained by X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy and submitted by biologists and biochemists from around the world, are freely accessible on the Internet via the websites of its member organisations (PDBe, PDBj, and RCSB). The PDB is overseen by an organization called the Worldwide Protein Data Bank, wwPDB.

The PDB is a key resource in areas of structural biology, such as structural genomics. Most major scientific journals, and some funding agencies, such as the NIH in the USA, now require scientists to submit their structure data to the PDB. If the contents of the PDB are thought of as primary data, then there are hundreds of derived (i.e., secondary) databases that categorize the data differently. For example, both SCOP and CATH categorize structures according to type of structure and assumed evolutionary relations; GO categorize structures based on genes.^[1]

Subtilisin (serine endopeptidase) is a non-specific protease (a protein-digesting enzyme) initially obtained from Bacillus subtilis.

Subtilisins belong to subtilases, a group of serine proteases that initiate the nucleophilic attack on the peptide (amide) bond through a serine residue at the active site. They are physically and chemically well-characterized enzymes. Subtilisins typically have molecular weights of about 20,000 to 45,000 dalton. They can be obtained from soil bacteria, for example, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Subtilisins are secreted in large amounts from many Bacillus species.

Subtilisins are widely used in commercial products, for example, in laundry^[2] and dishwashing detergents, cosmetics, food processing^[3], skin care ointments^[4], contact lens cleaners, and for research purposes in synthetic organic chemistry.

The structure of subtilisin has been determined by X-ray crystallography. It is a 275-residue globular protein with several alpha-helices, and a large beta-sheet. It is structurally unrelated to the chymotrypsin-clan of serine proteases, but uses the same type of catalytic triad in the active site. This makes it the classic example of convergent evolution.

In molecular biology using B. subtilis as a model organism, the gene encoding subtilisin (aprE) is often the second gene of choice after amyE for integrating reporter constructs into, due to its dispensability

prolyl aminopeptidase
X-prolyl aminopeptidasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPNPEP1 (EC 3.4.11.9) is a proline-specific metalloaminopeptidase that specifically catalyzes the removal of any unsubstituted N-terminal amino acid that is adjacent to a penultimate proline residue. Because of its specificity toward proline, it has been suggested that X-prolyl aminopeptidase is important in the maturation and degradation of peptide hormones, neuropeptides, and tachykinins, as well as in the digestion of otherwise resistant dietary protein fragments, thereby complementing the pancreatic peptidases. Deficiency of X-prolyl aminopeptidase results in excretion of large amounts of imino-oligopeptides in urine
(Blau et al., 1988).[supplied by OMIM]^[1]
 
 
 Lex A repressor

Repressor LexA or LexA is a repressor enzyme (EC 3.4.21.88) that represses SOS response genes coding for DNA polymerases required for repairing DNA damage. LexA is intimately linked to RecA in the biochemical cycle of DNA damage and repair. RecA binds to DNA-bound LexA causing LexA to cleave itself in a process called autoproteolysis.
DNA damage can be inflicted by the action of antibiotics. Bacteria require topoisomerases such as DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV for DNA replication. Antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin are able to prevent the action of these molecules by attaching themselves to the gyrase - DNA complex. This is counteracted by the polymerase repair molecules from the SOS response. Unfortunately the action is partly counterproductive because ciprofloxacin is also involved in the synthetic pathway to RecA type molecules which means that the bacteria responds to an antibiotic by starting to produce more repair proteins. These repair proteins can lead to eventual benevolent mutations which can render the bacteria resistant to ciprofloxacin.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repressor_lexA

chemsketch

Vacum Distillation Apparatus

DNA

lipid and micelles

p-orbital

d-orbital

pi-type orbital

Energy Of Reaction Diagram